AI & Generative AI Policy

JSHE acknowledges the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) and generative AI (GenAI) tools — including large language models such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Microsoft Copilot, and comparable applications — in academic research and writing. The following policy governs the use of such tools in manuscripts submitted to JSHE and applies to all authors and co-authors.

Permitted Uses

The use of AI tools for grammar checking, spelling correction, and language polishing is permitted and does not require disclosure. The use of AI tools to assist with literature search is also permitted, with disclosure recommended in the Methods section. When AI tools have been used to generate, draft, or substantially restructure portions of the manuscript text, or when they have been used for statistical analysis or data processing, full disclosure is mandatory. Similarly, when AI tools have been used to generate research hypotheses, this must be disclosed in the Methods section or an Author Note.

Prohibited Uses

Certain uses of AI are strictly prohibited. AI tools may not be listed as authors of a submitted manuscript. Authorship is a human responsibility that requires accountability for the work — AI tools cannot meet the ICMJE authorship criteria and will not be accepted as authors under any framing. The use of AI tools to fabricate, hallucinate, or invent references is strictly prohibited and constitutes research misconduct. The presentation of AI-generated data, results, or conclusions as original research findings without disclosure is equally prohibited and constitutes data fabrication.

Mandatory AI Disclosure Statement

When generative AI has been used in preparing any substantive portion of the manuscript, authors must include a dedicated AI Use Statement. This statement should appear in the Methods section or as a standalone section immediately before the References. The statement must specify: first, the name and version of the AI tool used; second, the specific purpose for which it was used; and third, the extent of its application. For example: "The authors used ChatGPT-4o (OpenAI, 2025) to assist with language editing and structural reorganization of the Discussion section. All scientific content, data, analysis, and conclusions are the authors' own."